Time Stamps

• 00:40 Case history and exam
• 11:24 Causal models
• 13:25 Facets versus diagnoses
• 16:37 Problem representation
• 17:10 Part two of the case
• 23:00 Occam’s razor, Hickam’s dictum, and Crabtree’s bludgeon
• 27:10 Diagnostic uncertainty
• 34:24 Learning points

Show Notes

• Exploring all of the potential cause-and-effect relationships between the clinical findings in a case is a key step in the diagnostic process.
• When dealing with multiple clinical findings (in this case: fever, confusion and rash), the clinician must consciously decide whether to search for separate explanations for each, or to seek one explanation for all. The latter approach is called clustering, and while intuitive, can lead to serious errors if relied upon exclusively.
• Certain patterns of findings, while insufficient to make a specific diagnosis, allow the clinician to make inferences about the patient’s illness (e.g. fever, confusion, and CSF abnormalities as “encephalitis”). Diagnostic experts often construct many of these intermediate hypotheses (also called facets) to guide further data interpretation and reasoning, well before they propose specific diagnoses.
• Occam’s razor suggests that there is such a thing as the one true diagnosis. Hickam’s dictum suggests more often there are many true diagnoses. Crabtree’s Bludgeon questions whether any diagnosis can be safely considered “true”, since ad hoc explication is so tempting for physicians.
• Observing a patient’s response to treatment (or non-treatment) can be a powerful diagnostic tool, especially when clinicians make the patient an active partner in its deployment.
• Diagnostic uncertainty in medicine is inevitable, as is the anxiety that accompanies it. Simply ignoring uncertainty can worsen a clinician’s cognitive biases; conversely, surrendering to uncertainty is paralyzing. Experienced clinicians explicitly acknowledge and even harness this anxiety in order to strengthen their clinical reasoning and decision-making.

References

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